Current Issue : October-December Volume : 2026 Issue Number : 4 Articles : 5 Articles
Armed conflicts are among the most disruptive forces acting on agro-landscapes, yet their impact on land-use systems and ecosystem services remains insufficiently integrated into landscape ecology and agroecological research. This paper aims to systematise the international body of knowledge on the mechanisms of warinduced impacts on agro-landscapes, to identify reproducible causal patterns of ecosystem service degradation, and to propose methodological priorities for comprehensive assessment and monitoring of agro-landscapes under active armed conflict and post-conflict recovery. The study is based on a bibliometric analysis of 1,502 publications (WoS/Scopus, 2000–2026) and a comparative analysis of five literature clusters reflecting the evolution of research paradigms from foundational ecological concepts to conflict-specific environmental impact studies. The synthesis shows that conflicts disrupt agro-landscapes through direct destruction, forced displacement, land abandonment, and institutional collapse, triggering cascading degradation of provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural ecosystem services. Resilience theory and socio-ecological systems frameworks are identified as essential but systematically underutilised analytical lenses. A pronounced geographic bias favouring East Africa and Latin America was detected, with Eastern Europe and the Middle East comparatively understudied — a gap being rapidly addressed by the Ukrainian case post-2022. Remote sensing has emerged as the dominant methodology for assessing conflict-induced land-use change, yet integration with socio-economic and institutional dimensions remains limited. The paper argues that the next priority is the development of coupled models — Earth observation + field validation + ecological-economic assessment + scenario analysis — capable of underpinning evidence-based agro-landscape recovery policy under conditions of prolonged uncertainty....
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), an emerging metal-free semiconductor material, has attracted considerable attention in the field of photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing due to its unique electronic structure, excellent chemical stability, and visible-light responsiveness. This article systematically reviews recent advances in research on g-C3N4-based PEC sensors applied to water environment monitoring. First, the fundamental physicochemical properties of g-C3N4 are introduced, along with its advantages and limitations in PEC sensing applications. Subsequently, four main performance enhancement strategies are outlined: heterojunction construction (including type II, Z-scheme, and S-scheme heterojunction), elemental doping and defect engineering, morphology control and nanostructure design, as well as various signal amplification approaches such as self-powered systems, dual-mode detection, and cyclic amplification. Furthermore, the current application status of these sensors in detecting typical water pollutants, including heavy metal ions (e.g., Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+), antibiotics (e.g., tobramycin, norfloxacin, kanamycin), pesticide residues (e.g., chlorpyrifos, atrazine, glyphosate), and pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., Salmonella, Candida albicans), is comprehensively reviewed, with particular emphasis on detection sensitivity, selectivity, and real-sample performance. Finally, the remaining challenges in terms of long-term stability, anti-interference capabilities in complex matrices, portability, and multifunctional integration are analyzed, and future development directions are proposed, including smartphone-based intelligent sensing, CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted signal amplification, and multi-target high-throughput detection. This review aims to provide a reference for the rational design and practical application of g-C3N4-based PEC sensors in the field of water environment monitoring....
To enhance the utilization efficiency of limited ecological water, this study conducted field ecological irrigation experiments in a typical desert riparian forest in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Based on the experimental data, a soil water transport model under the overflow irrigation mode was constructed using the HYDRUS-2D (version 2.04) model. Based on the model, numerical simulation scenarios of different irrigation schemes were designed to provide key evidence for the scientific utilization of water resources in the ecological restoration of desert riparian forests. Simulation results indicate that (1) more irrigation water does not necessarily yield better results. When the total irrigation volume is the same, conducting overflow irrigation in two separate applications significantly outperforms a single concentrated irrigation in terms of soil moisture replenishment and maintenance, with an optimal interval of 20 h between applications. (2) For single overflow irrigation, the optimal water depth is 5 cm. (3) For two-stage irrigation, the available water resources and core objectives must be considered. When water is plentiful, and it is necessary to replenish moisture in the lower soil layers, the 5 cm + 5 cm scheme is optimal; if irrigation water is limited, the 3 cm + 3 cm scheme is more efficient. These schemes can effectively activate the seed bank in the surface soil while supplying water to the root systems of desert riparian vegetation, thereby promoting the restoration and growth of desert vegetation and achieving the goal of ecological sustainability....
Water reuse holds significant promise for addressing global water challenges, yet wide scale implementation remains limited. Decentralised water technologies for reuse have been highlighted as a potential aide in the reduction of water challenges, specifically for environments that have typically been considered ‘water rich’, and in rural areas that are currently outside the reach of large-scale centralised networks. Yet for many, a number of challenges remain, with the current policy landscape remaining unsupportive for the creation of an enabling environment. Policy integration is used as a theoretical and analytical framework to explore how enabling environments for decentralised water reuse are, or are not, created in rural and island Scotland. The analysis examines how cross-sectoral coordination across water, planning, rural development and climate policy shapes the potential for water reuse initiatives, highlighting both institutional fragmentation and emerging opportunities. Through this lens, key policy drivers, gaps and tensions are identified, and alternative pathways for more coherent support of decentralised technologies and systems are traced. Recommendations to strengthen integration mechanisms, reduce governance fragmentation and better align rural water, climate and land-use agendas are provided....
Soil–water retention characteristics and plant-available water (PAW) are critical for irrigation management in semiarid Andosols. This study determined the soil–water characteristic curves (SWCCs) of Andosols at the Melkassa Agricultural Research Center (MARC), Central Rift Valley (CRV), Ethiopia, using a pressure plate apparatus at matric potentials of 33, 500, 1000, and 1500 kPa. Soil samples (n = 60) were collected from 1ve 1elds (K, D1, A2, Avocado, and Abaderash) at depths of 0–30, 30–60, 60–90, and 90–120 cm, with textures classi1ed as clay loam, loam, and sandy loam. Bulk density ranged from 1.11 to 1.39 g·cm�3. Field capacity (FC) varied from 21.24% (sandy loam, A2 90–120 cm) to 32.78% (loam, K 90–120 cm), permanent wilting point (PWP) from 14 to 24%, and total available water (TAW) from 6.30% (D1 0–30 cm) to 15.49% (A2 60–90 cm loam). Averaged by texture, loam showed the highest FC (29.89%), PWP (19.36%), and TAW (10.16%), followed by sandy loam (TAW 9.50%) and clay loam (TAW 8.88%). SWCCs indicated loam’s optimal pore distribution for PAW, with clay loam retaining more unavailable micropore water and sandy loam draining rapidly. Chemical properties (pH 7.20–8.19, EC 151–399 ES·cm�1, OC 0.28%–1.48%, TN 0.03%–0.14%) declined with depth. Correlation analysis showed that TAW was positively correlated with depth and sand (r = 0.87–0.96) and negatively correlated with organic carbon (OC) and clay (r = �0.91–�0.96). Spatial and depth variability underscores site-speci1c irrigation: loam-rich subsoils (e.g., A2) suit water-demanding crops with longer intervals, whereas low-TAW sites (e.g., D1) require frequent applications. SWCC-informed strategies enhance water-use eJciency and sustainability in semiarid Andosols....
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