Against the backdrop of rapidly growing distributed photovoltaics (DPVs) and mounting pressure on conventional frequency-regulation (FR) resources, this study proposes a dayahead– intraday two-stage optimal scheduling strategy for aggregators of DPV + advanced energy storage participating in a joint energy–FR market. In the day-ahead stage (hourly resolution), a multi-aggregator-independent offering model is formulated that explicitly accounts for PV curtailment costs and storage operating/lifecycle costs. Subject to constraints on buy–sell transactions, PV output, storage charging/discharging power and state of charge (SOC), FR capacity, and power balance, the model co-optimizes energy and FR-capacity offers to maximize profit. In the intraday stage (15 min resolution), bidding deviation penalties are introduced, and a rolling optimization is employed to jointly adjust energy and FR dispatch/offers, reconfigure storage SOC in real time, reduce deviations from day-ahead schedules, and enhance economic performance. A three-aggregator case study indicates that, with deviation penalties considered, regulation-command tracking remains at a high level and PV utilization remains very high, while clearing costs decline and system frequency-response capability improves. The results demonstrate the proposed strategy’s implementability, economic efficiency, and scalability, enabling high-quality participation in ancillary services and promoting high-quality renewable integration under high-penetration distributed scenarios.
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