Dementia is an escalating public-health concern in India, with prevalence expected to rise steeply as the population ages. Recent evidence highlights the influence of micronutrient deficiencies—particularly vitamin B12 and vitamin C—on the biological pathways underlying cognitive decline. Both nutrients serve vital neuroprotective functions and their deficiency may contribute to neuronal damage through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation and impaired neurotransmission. Understanding these associations is critical for formulating preventive strategies in India’s ageing population, where nutritional inadequacy often intersects with limited access to healthcare and dietary diversity. Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to hyperhomocysteinemia, DNA hypomethylation and demyelination, while vitamin C deficiency promotes oxidative and inflammatory neuronal injury. Observational studies consistently link low levels of these vitamins with cognitive impairment, though randomized trials have shown only modest benefits from supplementation. In India, widespread vegetarian dietary patterns, socioeconomic disparities and low public awareness exacerbate deficiency among older adults. Early detection, dietary fortification and nutrition-focused public-health initiatives could help close these gaps, potentially reducing dementia risk and supporting healthier cognitive ageing.
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